Edna O’Shaughnessy (1924-2022) came to psychoanalysis from a background of philosophy. She moved to Britain from South Africa in the 1950s, and trained as a child psychotherapist at the Tavistock Clinic where she was supervised by Esther Bick, Betty Joseph and Hanna Segal. She then trained as a psychoanalyst at the British Society in the 1960s, with Roger Money-Kyrle as her training analyst, becoming a Distinguished Fellow and Training and Supervising Analyst of the British Psychoanalytical Society.
From the extensive bibliography of O’Shaughnessy’s published writings (available to download at the bottom of this page) two areas of her work are highlighted here; first, on defensive organisations of the personality, and second, on the abnormal superego.
Defensive organisations
Using Klein’s theories, O’Shaughnessy was one of an influential group of post-Kleinian analysts who in the late 1970s and 1980s explicated the vicissitudes of defensive organisations of the personality. Her two most important papers in this area are entitled, ‘A clinical study of a defensive organization’ (1981) and ‘Enclaves and Excursions’ (1992).
In the first of these papers, she gave a vivid account of an analysis of a man whose organised system of defences went through four different stages as he emerged from narcissism. In the first stage the patient was assailed with anxieties when his defensive organisation was breaking down. In the next stage, the organisation, having been re-established, could now be brought into the transference relationship to the analyst. In the third phase, the patient was able to exploit his defensive organisation for the gratification of his cruelty and narcissism. In the fourth and final stage the patient was more able to tolerate anxieties and his narcissistic organisation became less rigid, though splits in his ego remained.
O’Shaughnessy’s paper can be read for its insights, not only into the pathological nature of defensive organisations, but also the rigidity they confer on psychic functioning. She shows how the organisation is often kept hidden until the analyst is able to observe the lack of developmental progress occurring in the patient despite considerable strengthening of the ego.
These concerns are considered further in O’Shaughnessy’s second major paper concerning pathological organisations, entitled ‘Enclave and Excursions’ (1992). She coined these terms for different types of enactments, into which the analyst is pulled to protect the patient’s equilibrium in the face of emotional contact that is felt to be too frightening. In enclaves, the patient draws the analyst into an over-close relationship that doesn’t cause the patient or analyst too much disturbance. The relationship with the analyst is a narcissistic one, the patient only relating to aspects of the analyst that fit in with certain pre-determined views of who the analyst should be. In excursions, it is not so much a limiting of the contact with the object but a more total avoidance of emotional contact. She emphasised the spatial nature of these narcissistic positions, further elaborated by John Steiner in his concept of psychic retreats (1).
Abnormal forms of the superego
When considering abnormal forms of the superego, Bion used the term ‘ego-destructive superego’ (2) to describe dissociative areas of functioning which resulted in the formation of a pathological ‘super’ ego. Expanding this concept further, in ‘Relating to the Super-ego’, (1999) O’Shaughnessy saw the normal superego as originating from the earliest object relations, while the abnormal superego arises from the earliest dissociations that have been inflicted and suffered in childhood. Both the normal and abnormal superego watch the ego from a ‘higher” place, but the abnormal superego is dissociated from ego functions such as memory, understanding, attention, enquiry.
Clarity and compassion
Reading O’Shaughnessy’s papers, one is struck not only with the clarity of her thinking, but the depth of her understanding and ability to think laterally about complex issues. She conveyed compassion for the anxieties and dilemmas that confront both patient and analyst, an attitude she transmitted through her work as a supervisor. She also recognised the individuality of a particular patient-analyst coupling, acknowledging the uniqueness of encounters as well as the universality of some struggles.
Eileen McGinley, 2012, revised 2022
Key publications
1981 O’Shaughnessy, E. ‘A clinical study of a defensive organization’. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 62:359-428. Republished in E. Spillius, (ed.) Melanie Klein Today Vol. 2. Routledge (1988).
1992 O’Shaughnessy, E. ‘Enclaves and Excursions’. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 73(4): 603-614.
1999 O’Shaughnessy, E. ‘Relating to the superego’. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 80(5): 861-870. Republished in C. Mawson (ed.) Bion Today. Routledge (2011).
2011 Spillius, E. and O’Shaughnessy, E. (eds.) Projective Identification: The Fate of a Concept. Routledge.
2014 O’Shaughnessy, E. and Rusbridger, R. (ed). Inquiries in Psychoanalysis: Collected Papers of Edna O’Shaughnessy. Routledge.
2017 Bronstein, C. and O’Shaughnessy, E. (eds.). Attacks on Linking Revisted: A New Look at Bion’s Classic Work. Routledge.
References
1) Steiner, J. 1993. Psychic Retreats. Routledge.
2) Bion, W. 1962. Learning from Experience. Karnac.